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KMID : 0980720220410020056
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Keimyung Medical Journal
2022 Volume.41 No. 2 p.56 ~ p.66
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2-Aryl Propionic Acid Amide Modification of Naproxen and Ibuprofen Dimers for Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity in BV2 mouse Microglial Cells
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Ju Hye-Rim
Pachhapure Shailashree
Mufida Amila
Kim A-Ryun
Elmaleh David R.
Choi Sung-Woon
Jang Byeong-Churl
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Abstract
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Inflammation is a common link in the pathophysiology of many neurological illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease. Activated glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation by producing pro-inflammatory mediators. Naproxen and ibuprofen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with 2-aryl(s) propionic acid as a common pharmacophore. Here we designed a small series of naproxen and ibuprofen amide dimers and tested their effects on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a neuroinflammatory enzyme in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 mouse microglial cells. Of note, treatment with CNU 019, 020, 021, 023, 024, and 027 at 10 μM markedly inhibited the LPS-induced iNOS expression in BV2 cells. CNU 024 was tested further at different concentrations to regulate the LPS-induced iNOS expression in BV2 cells. Treatment with CNU 024 at 5, 10, or 20 μM dose-dependently suppressed the LPS-induced iNOS protein and mRNA expression levels in BV2 cells, in which maximal inhibition was seen at 20 μM. CNU 024 treatment at doses tested further led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of the LPS-induced phosphorylation (activation) of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) without influencing its total protein expression in BV2 cells, but it did not affect the LPS-induced activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase-1/2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 in these cells. In summary, our results demonstrate that CNU 024 inhibits the LPS-induced iNOS expression in BV2 cells, partly mediated by the inhibition of p38 MAPK. This work shows that CNU 024 could be a valuable ligand for further development as a potential drug candidate for treating neuroinflammatory pathologies.
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KEYWORD
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Lipopolysaccharide, NSAID amide dimer, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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